Assess the View That Traditional Class Identities Are No Longer Important

These have the view that class no longer really matters in modern Britain and that now people no longer identify themselves according to their class background. Clarke and Saunders (1991) would agree with the view of postmodernists. They suggest that classes have become fragmented into many different groups and now they have been replaced with other influences such as gender and lifestyles. Although they is some evidence which suggests these ideas are exaggerated. Marshall’s survey into how people view themselves showed people still see social class as a source of identity. The traditional working class was a group of people that was developed after the industrialisation when they were need for large amounts of manual workers. This group formed a strong sense on culture and identity. These were strong moral values, having men as the breadwinner and women as housewives and believing getting a job is more important than having an education. The traditional working class also saw the labour party as the party for the working class as it represented their interests, as pointed out in item B. Although now many people in the working class vote for different parties as they don’t all agree on what is important now in society, supporting the idea that traditional class identities are no longer important. Now also the manufacturing business as changed a lot, this means now they aren’t the same jobs available as they would have been before as they have been replaced with things such as machines that can do a faster and cheaper job. Therefore the working class has had to change the sort of jobs they do over time which may be a reason for the change in characteristics, and therefore making the traditional class identities now no longer important. Diamond and Giddens agree with this as they argue that the working class is no longer important because of the change in the economy that as lead to the decline of manual labour jobs, and that the working class isn’t now the only class which experiences economic and social eprivation. The new working class is now seen to have little loyalty to others within the same class, more emphasis on customer goods, high levels of home ownership, and women likely to be employed. There is also now a larger section of the working class, this may be down to some working class jobs now becoming more skilful therefore getting higher pay, which others become less skilful and get lower pay, meaning people in the same class may identify themselves every differently. However there are sociologists that believe traditional class identities are still very important, for example Marxists. They believe social class is still hugely influential in shaping our identities. They also believe social class is identified by your income, and that leisure wouldn’t define your identity as you would need the disposable income to afford it. The British Attitudes Survey supported this idea, because in 2007 it found still 94% of people still identified themselves with a social class, whereas only 6% didn’t. Overall the importance of traditional class identities are seen every differently by different people. Views which agree and disagree to the importance of traditional class identities still being important have both positives and negatives so it’s hard to just believe one view point is the truth and the other doesn’t matter. Therefore I believe both viewpoints have sufficient evidence and that traditional class identities are still important to an extent, however now there is also other factors that can make up our identity other than just our social class.

We must ban animal testing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

We must ban animal testing - Essay Example In the testing of cosmetics, various cleaners and various other consumer products, numerous animals are putrefied, made blind and killed each year by companies. These animals are supposed to breathe in poisonous gases, dogs are required to eat insecticides while rabbits have scarring compounds smeared on their bodies and eyes. Most of the tests that are conducted on animals are not a requirement of the law and in most cases; their outcomes are inexact and misrepresentative. Regardless of whether a product harms an animal or not, it still ends up in the shelves for customers to buy (PETA). The fatal and unpleasant experiments that take place as part of huge supervisory analysis initiatives are in most instances financed by taxpayers’ money. Thesis: Millions of animals experience suffering and are ultimately killed in various kinds of experiments even though modern alternatives have demonstrated that they can produce more accurate results compared to the animal tests Animals testing, which is also known as in vivo testing involves the use of animals that are not human in testing some where some of the experiments entail the observation of the behavior of the animals. These tests are conducted in universities, medical institutions, drug companies and commercial facilities that provide the services to other industries. Some of the research entails pure research like genetics, developmental biology, testing of drugs as well as cosmetics among other things. The animals may also be used in teaching various disciplines, breeding purposes as well as defense tests, but the activity of using animals in testing has varying degrees of regulation in different nations. Globally, it is approximated that the number of animals ranging from fish to primates used every year may reach tens of millions and sometime more than a hundred million. These numbers do not include the invertebrates like mice and frogs

The gaze (research paper) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The gaze (research paper) - Essay Example (Mabry, 2001) The key aim of the research is to analyze the set of images from â€Å"Seven Year Itch† movie, with Marilyn Monroe starring in it. The image has become the classics of glamour photography, and it is often regarded by the gaze concept admirers as the brightest example of male domination over women. Therefore, the research is aimed at studying the different aspects of the image. Additionally the proper visual analysis is performed for differentiating the male gaze and dominance, from the natural female necessity to stay attractive and perfect looking. The key steps of the research will involve review of the image origin jointly with the relevance of the movie plot, and its relation to the Male Gaze concept. The key idea of the movie fragment is reviewed in order to realize the message. Then, there is a need to switch the research accent to the purely artistic factors, such as composition, framing, and other technical parameters. These are needed to realize the perc eption patterns and principles, i.e. how do the viewers have their look at the image. These aspects will be essential for analyzing the still from the male gaze perspective, as well as explaining the eroticism of the image with a barelegged girl. The interpretive possibilities, offered by the gaze concept are closely linked with the visual perception of a heterosexual man, and it is stated that men start looking through any image in accordance with its erotic composition. On the other hand, visual perception patterns of these images do not violate the standard perception rules, and this concept will be regarded in the paper as well. Theoretic Analysis Considering the theoretic approaches of the male gaze concept, and analysis of the image from the gaze perspective, the psychoanalysis angle should be taken into account. Since cinema provides numerous variants of visual pleasure, the scopophilia (which presupposes enjoying the views of a human body) is one of the key components of the sexuality in general (It is stated that Freud regarded scopophilia as one of the key instinctive components of sexual behavior). In the light of this fact, scopophilia defines people, who are looked at, as the sexual objects. From the psychoanalytic point of view, the necessity to observe a human body is regarded as an instinct that is rooted in childhood. Cinema, as visual art, seems to be distant from the necessity to observe others secretly. Nevertheless, most mainstream Hollywood movies are based on this aspect. In accordance with the research by Despotopoulou (2004) the male gaze is the key approach in classical filmmaking. Therefore, Laura Mulvey emphasizes the following consideration (Gagne, 2001, p. 140): "In their traditional exhibitionist role women are simultaneously looked at and displayed, with their appearance coded for strong visual and erotic impact so that they can be said to connote to-be-looked-at-ness," and as a result contends that in film a woman is the "beare r of meaning, not maker of meaning." By emphasizing this consideration, Mulvey presupposes that the psychoanalytic approach is essential for analyzing and understanding the process of the sexual objectification (as well as experiencing sexual fantasies) of the Girl (in relation to the movie). Therefore, Marilyn Monroe’s heroine becomes the exploitation object that is passively involved into the voyeuristic act. In general, the three perspectives are occurred that stimulate